Table 1 The therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles in preclinical osteoarthritis models
Cell types | EV characterization methods | Main cargo | Animal models | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human embryonic stem cells | WB (CD81, TSG101, ALIX) | Not mentioned | Surgical defect on trochlear grooves of the distal femurs osteochondral model in rats (1.5 mm diameter, 1 mm depth) | Hyaline cartilage formation characterized by uniform distribution of high amounts of glycosamninoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen, and low amount of type I collagen | [57] |
Synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) | WB (CD9, CD63, CD81, ALIX) | miR-140-5p | OA induced by medial meniscus surgery in rats | Prevention of early OA and prevented the severe damage to knee articular cartilage with increased type II collagen deposition | [54] |
H1 human ES cell line | WB (CD9, CD63) | Not mentioned | OA induced by medial meniscus surgery in mice | Milder OA pathology such as roughened articular surface fibrillations below the superficial layer and some loss of lamina, with increased collagen II and decreased ADAMTS5 expression. | [55] |
iPSCs- and synovial membrane- derived MSCs | WB (CD9, CD63, TSG101) | CD9, CD63 and TSG101 | Collagen-induced OA model in mice | Re-formation of hyaline features with a smooth cartilage surface, regular cellular organization, and normal proteoglycan content. Decreased collagen I in animals treated with iMSC-Exos or SMMSC-Exos | [56] |
E1-MYC 16.3 human ESC- derived mesenchymal stem cells | WB (CD81, TSG101, ALIX) | Not mentioned | Surgical defect created on the trochlear grooves of the distal femurs osteochondral model in rats (1.5 mm diameter, 1 mm depth) | Tissue regeneration deposition of s-GAG and type II collagen. Improved surface regularity and integration with the host cartilage | [34] |
Murine Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | FC (CD9, CD29, CD44, CD81, SCA-1), NTA | Not mentioned | Collagenase induced OA model in mice | Protection against osteoarthritic damages via anti-apoptotic role | [58] |
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | FC (CD63, CD44, CD73) | Not memtioned | Surgical defect created on rounded trephine grooves osteochondral model in dogs (3 mm diameter, 1 mm depth) | Marked regeneration of cartilage tissues | [59] |
Human Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | NTA TEM (Transmission electron microscope) | miR-92a-3p | Collagenase induced OA model in mice | The proliferation of chondrocytes Increased the matrix gene expression in MSCs and PHCs. miR-92-3p-mediated inhibition of WNT5A was shown. | [60] |
Mice Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | NTA, TEM, FC (CD9, CD29, CD44, CD81, SCA-1) | Not memtioned | Collagenase induced OA model in mice | Induced a fewer plasmablasts and more Breg-like cells in lymph nodes. Induced an anti-inflammatory role on T and B cells | [61] |
Human Infrapatellar fat mesenchymal stem cells | NTA, TEM, WB (CD9, CD63, CD81) | miR-100-5p | Cutting the medial meniscus OA model in mice | Protected articular cartilage from damage and ameliorated gait abnormality miR100-5p-mediated inhibition of mTOR-autopahgy pathway was shown | [62] |
Human Amniotic fluid stem cells | WB (CD9, CD63, CD81, Rab5, HGF, TGF- β, IDO) | Not mentioned | MIA induced OA in rats | Enhanced pain tolerance and improved histological scores. Restoration of cartilage with surface regularity and the characteristic of hyaline cartilage. | [63] |