Table 1 Biomarker isoforms and functions

α-Klotho

β, γ

• Sensitivity to insulin/anti-aging effects

• Bone homeostasis

• Suppress oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction

• CKD associated thrombosis

• Related with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy

[3, 5, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24]

Nephrin (NPHS1)

NPHS2 (Independently called podocin)

• Renal filtration barrier

• A transmembrane protein that is a structural component of the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes

• In defecting, associated congenital nephrotic syndrome, and massive proteinuria

• Cardiovascular development

• Interaction with glutamate receptors in CNS

[4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, 26]

Synaptopodin

-

• Actin-associated protein (actin-based cell morphology and motility)

• Regulation of dendritic spine plasticity, synaptic plasticity

• Regulation of podocyte cell migration

• Associated with serum creatinine level

[8, 9, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33]