Fig. 1

Malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis (A) and hematoxylin and eosin staining (B) in the right cerebral cortex of from vehicle + middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), retinoic acid (RA) + MCAO, vehicle + sham, and RA + sham animals. RA alleviated the increase in MDA levels and histopathological changes caused by MCAO damage. The filled arrows indicate condensed nuclei and open arrows indicate vacuolated and swollen cytoplasm (B). Data (n = 5) are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01