Table 6 Different animal models for the study of IVDD
From: Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review
Animal model | Anaesthesia | Procedure | Significance and limitations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Goat | Ketamine (11–33 mg/kg BW) and midazolam (0.5–1.5 mg/kg BW), intravenously followed by maintenance with an isoflurane-oxygen combination | Following the aseptic technique, the lumbar intervertebral discs were opened via left lateral retroperitoneal, transpsoatic approach. A titanium Kirschner wire was positioned in the L1 or L2 vertebral body to facilitate marking of vertebral levels on radiographs | Weight range, disc height, size, and shape are similar to humans. They can withstand the stress of anaesthesia and surgery well. But, goat torse has a different anatomical structure in comparison to a human | |
Rabbit | Intramuscular injection of Xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg BW) and ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg BW) | After positioning the rabbit in lateral decubitus position a 20 degrees inclination was produced. IVD was exposed with a posterolateral retroperitoneal approach. After dissecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle, the left anterolateral aspect of L1–L5 was exposed. Then, one IVD is punctured between L1–L5 with the help of a 16-gauge needle to a depth of 5 mm in the left anterolateral annulus fibrosus in the annular stab method | Similar to human disc degeneration in biochemical and histological aspects. But, the method causes rapid narrowing of the disc space and disc height as well as rapid herniation of nucleus pulposus |