Table 1 Suggested anesthetics for common procedures on adult mice. For details, please refer to the text
From: Anesthesia and analgesia for common research models of adult mice
Procedure/body organ | Suggested anesthesia/modality |
|---|---|
Abdominal aorta | Isoflurane AND buprenorphine AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Agitated animals | Low dose acepromazine |
Brain | (Isoflurane OR ketamine/xylazine) AND buprenorphine AND (subcutaneous lidocaine with or without bupivacaine AND splash block of periosteum with lidocaine) AND dexamethasone (in craniotomies) AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Gastrointestinal tract | {Isoflurane OR sevoflurane OR ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine OR pentobarbital (not for models of inflammatory bowel disease)} AND buprenorphine AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Imaging | Restraint OR Ketamine/xylazine OR pentobarbital OR isoflurane OR sevoflurane OR desflurane |
Immobilization (long-term) for non-painful procedures | Hypnotics (e.g., thiopental or pentobarbital) |
Immobilization (temporary) for non-painful procedures | Higher dose of acepromazine OR flash anesthetic techniques using an anesthetic chamber (isoflurane or halothane) |
Injections and catheterizations | Animal training OR distraction OR lidocaine-prilocaine OR flash anesthesia using an isoflurane chamber |
Kidneys | (Ketamine/xylazine OR ketamine/medetomidine OR ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine) AND buprenorphine. For renal ischemia model: pentobarbital AND buprenorphine. Postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Laparotomy | (Isoflurane OR sevoflurane OR ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine) AND lidocaine line block with or without bupivacaine at the intended site for incision AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Limbs | {Isoflurane AND dinitrogen monoxide AND oxygen AND opioids (e.g., buprenorphine or morphine) AND NSAIDs (e.g., ketoprofen or flunixin meglumine)} OR {ketamine/xylazine AND sustained-release buprenorphine} OR {isoflurane AND buprenorphine AND lidocaine splash block} OR {midazolam/medetomidine} OR {fentanyl/midazolam} AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Liver and bile duct | {Isoflurane OR (isoflurane AND meloxicam AND buprenorphine) OR sevoflurane OR ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine} AND postoperative analgesia: buprenorphine |
Ophthalmic procedures | {Oxybuprocaine eye ointment OR (ketamine/medetomidine; postoperative analgesia: meloxicam) OR (isoflurane AND 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution} AND glycopyrrolate AND postoperative analgesia |
Ovaries | {Isoflurane OR halothane OR (ketamine/medetomidine)} AND buprenorphine AND ketoprofen |
Sepsis | Surgical models: (isoflurane OR ketamine/xylazine) AND (lidocaine with or without bupivacaine) AND buprenorphine |
Spinal cord | {Isoflurane AND buprenorphine AND local analgesia (in laminectomy and crushing of the spinal cord)} OR Ketamine/xylazine (in neural stem cells transplantation) AND postoperative analgesia |
Stroke | Isoflurane AND buprenorphine |
Thoracotomy | Please refer to the text |
Tracheostomy | Depending on the main surgical procedure; fentanyl/dexmedetomidine/midazolam OR (pentobarbital sodium/ketamine OR ketamine/xylazine OR isoflurane OR pentobarbital/Ketamine/xylazine OR propofol) AND buprenorphine AND postoperative analgesia |
Wound models | (Ketamine/xylazine OR medetomidine/midazolam/butorphanol OR isoflurane/buprenorphine) AND postoperative analgesia: systemic or topical opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics, tramadol local infiltration |