Fig. 1

The appearance of BG + and UG + are highly synchronized in Part I during the weekly diabetes survey. Each line represents an individual of diabetic mouse in Part I marked by the age diagnosed for the 1st and 2nd BG+ (gray circle and black circle) alongside the 1st and 2nd UG+ (open circle and open triangle). The period before the diagnosis of 1st BG + is depicted by gray bars, encompassed 263 BG tests in these 38 diabetic mice alone. Additionally, the rest 22 non-diabetic mice underwent 398 BG tests throughout the entire observation window without yielding positive results. The duration between 1st and 2nd BG + are illustrated by black bars. Mice are categorized based on two types of diabetes onset: the acute type (33/38, 86.8%) where 1st and 2nd BG + occur consecutively with short black bars, and the insidious type (5/38, 13.2%), where 2nd BG + is observed a week or longer after 1st BG+, resulting in extended black bars in the upper part of the figure. Most importantly, 32 out of 38 mice (84.2%) exhibit 1st UG + and 1st BG + simultaneously (indicated by vertically overlapping open and gray circles in the middle part). The 5 mice in the 1st UG + first group can be also diagnosed of their own 1st BG + results in the following tests. These findings strongly suggest that during the progression of spontaneous diabetes, the appearance of 1st UG + results precedes or coincides with the 1st BG+, indicating a potential use of ultrasensitive UG test as a primary survey approach