Fig. 5

Diabetes onset timeline of Part II. The 1st BG + day of each diabetic mouse in Part II is designated as day 0 (aligned by the dashed line), and the corresponding days of diagnosis for 1st UG+, 2nd UG+, 2nd BG+, and cBG + are plotted to illustrate the onset timeline. The 7 open circles on the left indicate their 1st UG + day occurring 1–11 days earlier than day 0, forming the 1st UG + first group. The remaining mice (30/37) are all diagnosed with their 1st UG + and 1st BG + on the exact same day, represented by condensed open circles on day 0. Symbols in the figure remain consistent with previous figures, and group labels are displayed on the y-axis. Intensive measurements since day 0 reveal that the 2nd BG + can be observed in 22 and 9 mice on day 1 and day 2–4, respectively, comprising all acute types of onset. In contrast, the 2nd BG + appears between day 7 to 35 in the insidious type of onset. We conclude that the 4-day interval from day 0 is crucial for onset determination, especially on day 1 (22/37, 59.5%). When the earliest onset moment is required, daily measurements from day 1 to 4 provide the best resolution (31/37, 83.8%). Moreover, in both types of onset, all the cBG + in both Part I and II can be detected within 4 days from the previous BG+, indicating that the potential fluctuation of BG level (in insidious types of onset) may not exceed 4 days in overt diabetes onset conditions. Considering the frequency of diagnosis substantially determines the definition of “consecutive BG+” with different time intervals, our data suggest that following BG+ (from the previous BG+) within 4 days can be considered as the onset to better identify newly diabetic animals